Friday, January 25, 2013

Extinction rates not as bad as feared ... for now: Scientists challenge common belief

Jan. 24, 2013 ? Concerns that many animals are becoming extinct, before scientists even have time to identify them, are greatly overstated, according Griffith University researcher, Professor Nigel Stork. Professor Stork has taken part in an international study, the findings of which have been detailed in "Can we name Earth's species before they go extinct?" published in the journal Science.

Deputy Head of the Griffith School of Environment, Professor Stork said a number of misconceptions have fueled these fears, and there is no evidence that extinction rates are as high as some have feared.

"Surprisingly, few species have gone extinct, to our knowledge. Of course, there will have been some species which have disappeared without being recorded, but not many we think," Professor Stork said.

Professor Stork said part of the problem is that there is an inflated sense of just how many animals exist and therefore how big the task to record them.

"Modern estimates of the number of eukaryotic species have ranged up to 100 million, but we have estimated that there are around 5 million species on the planet (plus or minus 3 million)."

And there are more scientists than ever working on the task. This contrary to a common belief that we are losing taxonomists, the scientists who identify species.

"While this is the case in the developed world where governments are reducing funding, in developing nations the number of taxonomists is actually on the rise.

"World-wide there are now two to three times as many taxonomist describing species as there were 20 years ago."

Even so, Professor Stork says the scale of the global taxonomic challenge is not to be underestimated.

"The task of identifying and naming all existing species of animals is still daunting, as there is much work to be done."

Other good news for the preservation of species is that conservation efforts in the past few years have done a good job in protecting some key areas of rich biodiversity.

But the reprieve may be short-lived.

"Climate change will dramatically change species survival rates, particularly when you factor in other drivers such as overhunting and habitat loss," Professor Stork said.

"At this stage we have no way of knowing by how much extinction rates may escalate.

"But once global warming exceeds the 2 degree barrier, we can expect to see the scale of loss many people already believe is happening. Higher temperature rises coupled with other environmental impacts will lead to mass extinctions"

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Griffith University, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. M. J. Costello, R. M. May, N. E. Stork. Can We Name Earth's Species Before They Go Extinct? Science, 2013; 339 (6118): 413 DOI: 10.1126/science.1230318

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_environment/~3/EBBVJHsYPw4/130124150806.htm

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Can States Exile People?

Anit-abortion protester Rives Grogan is escorted out after causing a distrubance. Anti-abortion protestor Rives Grogan is escorted by Capitol Police in the Senate basement, after causing a disruption in December 2012.

Photo by Drew Angerer/Getty Images

A Washington, D.C. judge ordered a man to stay out of the District of Columbia as a condition of his release from jail on Tuesday. Rives Miller Grogan was arrested for climbing a tree near the Capitol as part of a protest during President Obama?s inauguration. Can you be banished from a state?

Probably not. Sixteen states have constitutional provisions prohibiting banishment, and appeals courts in many others have outlawed the practice. Although it remains on the books in a handful of states?the Tennessee Constitution permits exile, and Maryland?s Constitution specifically prescribes banishment as a punishment for corruption?appeals courts usually overturn sentences of exile. There has been only one recent case of banishment from a state: In 2000, a Kentucky judge banished a domestic abuser from the state for one year. (The case never reached the state?s high court.) The District of Columbia has no constitution, and its statutes don?t mention banishment, so the legality of Grogan?s exile is unclear. Judges typically get wider discretion in prescribing conditions of bail than in sentencing, but there is a strong trend toward invalidating interstate banishment under any circumstances.

In the view of many legal scholars, the permissibility of banishment depends on its geographic breadth. Banishment from the country is decidedly unconstitutional, at least for U.S. citizens. Chief Justice Earl Warren described denationalization of army deserters as ?a form of punishment more primitive than torture.? Banishment from areas around schools or day care facilities, however, is an increasingly popular punishment for sex crimes. Gang members are occasionally banished from their home towns to keep them from bad influences. Appeals courts sometimes approve these sanctions as long as they don?t result in a functional banishment. For example, a Georgia law prohibiting sex offenders from living within 1,000 feet of a bus stop was declared unconstitutional in 2007. Legislators made clear that they intended to exile sex offenders from the state, and the restrictions left virtually nowhere to live.

There are several arguments against interstate banishment: It?s cruel and unusual punishment; it takes away a citizen?s right to travel; and it?s arguably a form of double jeopardy. The more practical concern is that it could lead to a dance of the lemons, as each state tries to turn its neighbor into a prison colony, thereby avoiding the expense of imprisonment.

That?s exactly what happened in the early days of English settlement in North America. Great Britain exiled as many as 50,000 convicts to the New World prior to U.S. independence. The Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony also sent their undesirables away. In their first year, the Puritans banished up to 10 people, or 1 percent of their population, and continued to cast people off for decades, until the crown ordered them to stop.

The Puritans employed banishment for all sorts of crimes. Adultery, sodomy, and bestiality often resulted in exile. A Capt. Stone was sent away for telling a magistrate that he was more a ?just ass? than a justice. The Puritans also banished religious heretics, including Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams, who went on to found Rhode Island. Hutchinson and other heretics were never charged with heresy, per se, but with crimes such as disturbing the peace because the Puritans feared King Charles I wouldn?t allow them to banish people for minor religious disagreements. Rives Miller Grogan, the protester exiled from D.C. on Tuesday, was charged under laws that require D.C. authorities to ?preserve the peace and secure the Capitol from defacement.?

Got a question about today?s news? Ask the Explainer.

Explainer thanks attorney Matthew D. Borrelli, Nan Goodman of the University of Colorado at Boulder, author of Banished: Common Law and the Rhetoric of Social Exclusion in Early New England, and Colin Miller of the University of South Carolina School of Law, author of the Evidence Prof Blog. Thanks to reader Frank Vargas for asking the question.

Source: http://feeds.slate.com/click.phdo?i=e39dd273250bddad8f0972ae70f8fc9d

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Thursday, January 24, 2013

A Chartreuse Door | DIY Show Off ? ? DIY Decorating and Home ...

Mini-makeover?

When we first installed the sliding door, I embraced it?s original old paint.

interior sliding door

But over the past year, it did feel more ?dirty? even after a good scrubbing than ?charming?. It just reminded me of the cold weather and dirty snow?blah. You can?t tell from the pictures. But it did have that dirty old worn finish.

Remember how my brain sometimes works with DIY? It?s usually a spur of the moment decision that wasn?t in my plan for the day or ever. That happened with painting the sliding door in our dining room.

And remember when I painted the door in the apartment renovation?

apartment door

I fell in looooove with that color. A beautiful happy shade of green.

The beginning of the new year consisted of cleaning and organizing the basement somewhat. I stumbled across packed boxes of supplies and tools from the apartment renovation?still not unpacked since November. While putting things away, looky what I found:

Valspar Gilded Pesto

chartreuse green

And just like that, in that five minute time span, I decided to paint the sliding door in the dining room, to add some ?spring? color to the dingy, dirty, neutral white. No wonder it takes me FOREVER to clean. Distractions get me every time.

FrogTape

I started by taping off the glass around the mullions with my favorite stash of FrogTape, making sure the edge of the tape was flush against the corner where wood met glass. It doesn?t leave a sticky residue when removed?and I?m all for making a last minute DIY easier.

{you can see the dirty original paint job better in this picture}

FrogTape on glass

{curtain is for privacy in the guest room or maybe hiding junk in what?s become a storage room?ummm, I?m not telling}

I used my thumb to burnish the edges of the Frogtape to prevent paint from seeping underneath.

burnishing the tape

Then applied to coats of my sample container of paint.

painting door

?

{oops?One coat looked great while wet so I removed tape. I did a second coat on the flat parts after coat 1 was dry}

I removed the tape immediately after the second coat, pulling away from the wood.

removing tape

Ta-da?the after:

painted door after

?

again?here?s the before:

shabby chic dining room

What do you think? Do the seasons aid in changing your decor? How finding inspiration and materials that you forgot you had when cleaning and organizing? Either way?I?m loving the new pop of color!

chartreuse paint

  • paint the built ins and add hardware to the bottom doors
  • swap out the light fixture (wait ?til you see the new one!!!)

*This is a sponsored post brought to you by FrogTape. The opinions are completely my own based on my experience. Results may vary.?

FrogTape Blog Squad

?

Source: http://diyshowoff.com/2013/01/23/chartreuse-door-makeover/

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Filming begins on DreamWorks' WikiLeaks movie

In this undated photo released Wednesday Jan.23, 2013, by DreamWorks Studios, Benedict Cumberbatch as Julian Assange (left) with Daniel Bruhl as Daniel Domscheit-Berg are seen during the filming of the WikiLeaks drama, The Fifth Estate, by the film company, in Reykjavik, Iceland. The film traces the early days of WikiLeaks, culminating in the release of a series of controversial and history changing information leaks, and is due out in the USA in November.(AP Photo/ Frank Connor / DreamWorks Studios)

In this undated photo released Wednesday Jan.23, 2013, by DreamWorks Studios, Benedict Cumberbatch as Julian Assange (left) with Daniel Bruhl as Daniel Domscheit-Berg are seen during the filming of the WikiLeaks drama, The Fifth Estate, by the film company, in Reykjavik, Iceland. The film traces the early days of WikiLeaks, culminating in the release of a series of controversial and history changing information leaks, and is due out in the USA in November.(AP Photo/ Frank Connor / DreamWorks Studios)

(AP) ? DreamWorks Studios says filming has begun on a movie about WikiLeaks, starring Benedict Cumberbatch (TV's "Sherlock") as the website's controversial founder, Julian Assange.

"The Fifth Estate" also stars Daniel Bruhl as Daniel Domscheit-Berg, an early WikiLeaks associate who eventually fell out with Assange.

Early filming has been taking place in Iceland. A photo released Wednesday by producers shows Cumberbatch and Bruhl on location in Reykjavik.

Laura Linney, Anthony Mackie and Dan Stevens are among the cast of the film, due for release in November.

Director Bill Condon ("The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn") said the movie would not offer "any final judgment" on WikiLeaks, which is both praised and reviled for publishing classified government material.

He said it would "explore the complexities and challenges of transparency in the information age."

The screenplay is by former "West Wing" writer Josh Singer.

Assange is currently living in Ecuador's London embassy in a bid to avoid extradition to Sweden to face sexual misconduct allegations.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/4e67281c3f754d0696fbfdee0f3f1469/Article_2013-01-23-WikiLeaks-Movie/id-6fd594c3bdcb4ed695624e1ca1a0b99f

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Cameron: I don't want a country called Europe

Britain's Prime Minister David Cameron walks past a map of Europe on a screen as he walks away after making a speech on holding a referendum on staying in the European Union in London, Wednesday, Jan. 23, 2013. Cameron said Wednesday he will offer British citizens a vote on whether to leave the European Union if his party wins the next election, a move which could trigger alarm among fellow member states. He acknowledged that public disillusionment with the EU is "at an all-time high," using a long-awaited speech in central London to say that the terms of Britain's membership in the bloc should be revised and the country's citizens should have a say. (AP Photo/Matt Dunham)

Britain's Prime Minister David Cameron walks past a map of Europe on a screen as he walks away after making a speech on holding a referendum on staying in the European Union in London, Wednesday, Jan. 23, 2013. Cameron said Wednesday he will offer British citizens a vote on whether to leave the European Union if his party wins the next election, a move which could trigger alarm among fellow member states. He acknowledged that public disillusionment with the EU is "at an all-time high," using a long-awaited speech in central London to say that the terms of Britain's membership in the bloc should be revised and the country's citizens should have a say. (AP Photo/Matt Dunham)

Italian Prime Minister Mario Monti speaks during a panel session of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the World Economic Forum, WEF, in Davos, Switzerland, Thursday, Jan. 24, 2013. (AP Photo/Keystone/Laurent Gillieron)

In this picture publicly provided by the German Government's Press Office, German chancellor Angela Merkel , right, talks with British Prime Minister David Cameron , during the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, Thursday Jan. 24, 2013. (AP Photo/Jesco Denzel /Bundespresseamt)

German Chancellor Angela Merkel gestures as she speaks during the 43rd Annual Meeting of the World Economic Forum, WEF, in Davos, Switzerland, Thursday, Jan. 24, 2013. (AP Photo/Michel Euler)

(AP) ? British Prime Minister David Cameron wants nothing to do with a United States of Europe, an idea that's gaining currency as the countries that use the euro struggle to fix their debt crisis.

But what if it's a choice between a single country called Europe or a splintered continent? Cameron is determined to avoid that scary scenario.

A day after he shook up Europe's political landscape by offering British citizens the prospect of a vote on whether to stay in the 27-country European Union, Cameron insisted Thursday he wants Britain to remain a part of the bloc but that more unification would not be the answer.

"To try and shoehorn countries into a centralized political union would be a great mistake, and Britain would not be a part of it," he said at the World Economic Forum in the Swiss resort of Davos.

In an interview with The Associated Press afterward, Cameron insisted said he wanted to make Europe "more open, competitive, flexible ? so that we can secure Britain's place within it."

"I think it is eminently achievable," he said.

Many in the EU, particularly among the 17 countries that use the euro, are on a drive for closer political unification, and that's raised particular concerns recently in Britain, which has often viewed the bloc through a business prism.

"If you mean that Europe has to be a political union, a country called Europe, then I disagree," said Cameron. On Wednesday, Cameron put an end to months of speculation by revealing he intends to hold a referendum on Britain's membership of the EU, if he wins the next general election, expected in 2015.

But many politicians in Europe think closer political ties are exactly what is needed to maintain continental unity in the face of a debt crisis that's laid bare fundamental flaws in the euro. The European Union, which last year won the Nobel Peace Prize, effectively started amid the rubble of World War II ? the motivation to avoid future wars.

Some even think Europe's end-game has to be to resemble the United States of America. Countries would be so tied together in their economic and social fabric to make war inconceivable.

After decades of bit-by-bit integration, the links are now so tight that many European leaders refuse to publicly acknowledge that a British exit is a possibility.

Several accuse Cameron of putting the bloc at risk to deal with domestic political problems. His Conservative Party has a hardcore element that is highly skeptical of the EU, while an anti-EU party, the UK Independence Party, is gaining ground in the polls most notably at the expense of Cameron's Conservatives.

Italian Premier Mario Monti said Britain should set aside ideology and look at its membership in the EU with "pragmatism, which should be a British attitude of mind."

He argued that Britons, for all their hostility to EU regulations and bureaucracy, benefit so much from the single market that they would be scared to leave ? a ready access to markets and over half a billion people would be a gamble too far.

Most of British business appears to want to stay in the EU but out of the integrationist drive ? but the question is whether that can be achieved.

"The vast majority of businesses across the UK want to stay in the single market, but on the basis of a revised relationship ... that promotes trade and competitiveness," said John Langworth of the British Chambers of Commerce.

He was among 56 British business leaders who issued a public letter to the Times of London on Thursday complaining about demands from Brussels and calling for "a more competitive, flexible and prosperous European Union that would bring more jobs and growth for all member states."

Growth is certainly something that Europe is craving. The eurozone as a whole is in recession and figures Friday are expected to show the British economy, the EU's third-largest, halfway back to its third recession in four years.

Open Europe, a London-based think tank, says that 48 percent of the UK's goods and services exports are to the EU. The single market keeps down the cost for Britons of doing business with the EU as well as the price of goods imported from the EU for purchase by ordinary British citizens.

Membership gives British citizens the right to live and work anywhere in the EU ? unlike citizens of other countries, who must seek complicated and often hard-to-get residency and work permits.

Mark Gray, a spokesman for the EU, said the bloc affects almost all aspects of the lives of Britons, from the quality of the water they swim in at beaches or in pools, to the quality of the orange juice they have for breakfast and the conditions in the offices where they work.

But many Britons ? like citizens elsewhere in the EU ? see the union as a faceless beast imposing rules and spending on needless things and threatening sovereignty.

Britain's relations with Europe have been strained since the end of World War II. It did not join the European Steel and Coal Community, the forebear of what would later become the European Union, in 1951.

Britain later realized there were benefits accruing from joining up with some of its wartime friends and foes, and joined the evolving European bloc in the 1970s. It has stood against many efforts to forge closer ties, notably the creation of the euro, but was at the forefront of the drive to create a single market.

___

Don Melvin in Brussels and Martin Benedyk in Davos, Switzerland, contributed to this report.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/f70471f764144b2fab526d39972d37b3/Article_2013-01-24-Davos%20Forum-Europe/id-6367e70cb8ed47f99a857c19b5dc6e1f

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Monday, January 21, 2013

Green Blog: Drought Points Up Critical Role of Waterways

When people think of the Mississippi River, they might have visions of Mark Twain and old steamboats. But few Americans understand the vast amounts of shipping traffic that still makes its way up and down the river, part of the world?s largest navigable inland waterway.

As I write in The Times, a Midwestern drought has caused the dwindling of the mighty river in recent months. The phenomenon cannot necessarily be ascribed to climate change ? no individual weather event can be.

Still, shifting weather patterns, with heavier rainstorms in one area and much lighter ones in others, are part of the emerging picture of the effects of the overall global warming trend. Only a year ago, the river was experiencing record flooding.

If drought does emerge as a more prominent facet of life on the Mississippi and navigation is impeded, the effect on national and even global commerce will undoubtedly be felt. The towboats pushing their tightly grouped clusters of barges up and down the river move billions of dollars a month worth of grain for export and fertilizer for Midwestern farmers, coal and fuel for power plants and many other items.

If the river got so low that navigation had to stop, grain exports and the other commodities could get a lot more expensive very quickly.

Barges, it turns out, provide a remarkably efficient way to move goods along the Mississippi and its tributaries. The load aboard one fully loaded 15-barge tow, if transferred to a train, would require more than 200 rail cars. Try to move the goods by truck, and you would need a fleet of more than 1,000. And when the river is running well, tow boats might push 24 barges or even more. So by comparison with road or rail transport, the Mississippi is relatively green.

The looming crisis on the river has thrown a spotlight on the importance of water traffic to the national economy. Rick Calhoun, the president of Cargo Carriers, a part of Cargill, said that even President Obama, who has been talking up infrastructure investment in recent months, has referred chiefly to roads, railroads and air ? ?even cyber infrastructure,? Mr. Calhoun complained. ?We don?t talk about the waterways.?

But as I note in my article, the president has begun taking a personal interest in the Mississippi issue. So Mr. Calhoun is hoping that another mode of transportation will finally get the love. ?We will consider it a coup if the president puts waterways in the State of the Union address,? he said.

Source: http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/18/drought-points-up-critical-role-of-u-s-waterways/?partner=rss&emc=rss

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Could There Ever Be a Purpose for This Crazy Robotic Space Jellyfish?

For every practical application of robotics, there's one that's not quite as useful. For every cyber-fish that can swim forever for research, there is an equal and opposite quivering space jellyfish that doesn't do anything. Apparently. This falls into that second category. More »


Source: http://feeds.gawker.com/~r/gizmodo/full/~3/2AWXhcJ1EMQ/could-there-ever-be-a-purpose-for-this-crazy-robotic-space-jellyfish

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