Charges going astray: New transfer paths for electrons discovered

ScienceDaily (Jan. 13, 2012) ? In the development of materials for energy production and distribution, knowledge of molecular processes in electrical charge transfer is fundamental. Research groups of Prof. Dr. Stefan Weber and Prof. Dr. Thorsten Koslowski at the Institute for Physical Chemistry of the Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg once more discovered that nature provides interesting templates for long-range electron transfer.

They recently published their results in the? journal Angewandte Chemie International Edition. In collaboration with Dr. Kenichi Hitomi and Prof. Dr. Elizabeth D. Getzoff of Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla/USA the physico chemists studied proteins from the photolyase/cryptochrome family. These proteins perform a range of different tasks although their topologies are very similar.

All members of the protein family share a cascade of three amino acids that forms a pathway from the protein surface to its core, along which electrons can "hop." When studying cyanobacterial cryptochrome using time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance, the charge carriers, however, did not follow the usual electron channel despite the presence of the amino acid cascade known from the other members of the family. Instead, the cascade was used only partially, eventually branching to a neighboring amino acid, even though the electrons had to then cover a much longer distance.

With the help of theoretical analyses the scientists were able to describe and thereby understand the protein's unexpected behavior: The orientation of the amino acids has a stronger influence on electron-transfer efficiency than previously expected, and a more favorable stacking of the amino acid "stepping stones" can compensate for the longer distance. Hence, evident structural similarity does not necessarily lead to identical behavior. To "understand" the protein, one clearly needs to look closer.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Albert-Ludwigs-Universit?t Freiburg, via AlphaGalileo.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.

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Journal Reference:

1. Till Biskup, Kenichi Hitomi, Elizabeth D. Getzoff, Sebastian Krapf, Thorsten Koslowski, Erik Schleicher, Stefan Weber. Unexpected Electron Transfer in Cryptochrome Identified by Time-Resolved EPR Spectroscopy. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2011; 50 (52): 12647 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201104321

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120113205917.htm

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Guatemala leader takes office pledging 'iron fist' (AP)

GUATEMALA CITY ? Retired Gen. Otto Perez Molina was sworn in as president of Guatemala on Saturday, calling on the United States and Mexico to help him fight a wave of drug trafficking and violence that has overwhelmed the Central American country.

Perez won over voters by pledging to crush criminality with an "iron fist." Mexican drug cartels have seized large swatches of territory in Guatemala, which has one of the world's highest homicide rates.

Perez, 61, is the first military officer elected as Guatemalan president since the end of a military government 25 years ago. He served in that administration as director of intelligence.

"The change has begun," Perez told cheering supporters Saturday in Guatemala City. "We are committed to the peace and integral security that we all desire."

"Today I call on my international associates to combat drug trafficking: Mexico, Central America and I make a special call to the United States..." Perez said.

His tough campaign resonated in a country of more than 13 million people where murders are committed at a rate of 41 for every 100,000 residents, according to a recent U.N. homicide report. That is well over twice the rate in neighboring Mexico.

"He was the only one who from the start had a national security program," said Leonel Archila, a 43-year-old businessman among the 5,000 people at the ceremony. About half were Guatemalans bused in from around the country. All wore blue or white shirts and sat in sections organized to form a giant Guatemalan flag.

The mood was marred by the assassination a day earlier of congressman Oscar Valentin Leal Caal, who was shot to death outside the headquarters of the former ruling party. Colleagues said he had been in negotiations to join the new president's party.

"We are profoundly concerned about the assassination of Leal, an elected representative of the people, and we hope to see the investigation generate results," U.S. Ambassador Arnold Chacon said.

Close advisers say Perez supports meeting the conditions set by the U.S. Congress for restoring aid it eliminated in 1978 ? halfway through the Central American country's 36-year civil war.

Among the requirements is reform of a weak justice system that has failed to bring to justice those responsible for abuses during the conflict. A U.N.-sponsored postwar truth commission said state forces and related paramilitary groups committed most of the killings.

The U.S. also insists that the government back a U.N.-supported international anti-corruption team whose prosecution effort has been criticized by Guatemala's political elite.

Perez has long insisted there were no massacres, human rights violations or genocide in a conflict that killed 200,000 civilians, mostly Mayan Indians.

"I suffered and lived through the armed conflict and 15 years after having signed the (peace) agreement Guatemalans are still being betrayed," Perez said on Saturday. "I pray to God for a true reconciliation. I pray that my generation is the last of war and the next one is the first of peace."

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/mexico/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20120114/ap_on_re_la_am_ca/lt_guatemala_inauguration

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Poll: Many voters clueless about 2012 (Politico)

That Massachusetts is where Mitt Romney was once governor or that the next primary is in South Carolina are some of the basic facts about the Republican candidates and the presidential race that many voters are unaware of, according to a new poll.

Just over half of those surveyed, 53 percent, correctly answered Massachusetts when asked where Romney served as governor, according to a Pew Research Center poll. And only 45 percent of voters were able to identify South Carolina as the state where the next primary will be held, while just 44 percent identified Ron Paul as the GOP hopeful who opposes U.S. involvement in Afghanistan.

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Sixty-nine percent of voters gave the correct answer of Newt Gingrich when asked which GOP 2012 candidate once served as House speaker, the survey found.

A higher percentage of Republicans than Democrats answered each of the above questions correctly. All in all, 43 percent of voters gave correct answers to at least three of the four questions, or 48 percent of Republicans and 41 percent of Democrats.

Among registered voters, men were far more likely than women to know the answers to at least three of the questions, 56 percent to 32 percent.

And among Republican and Republican-leaning voters, tea partiers proved to be far more knowledgeable about the GOP candidates and the 2012 race than GOP voters who disagree or have no opinion of the conservative movement ? 73 percent of tea party voters correctly answered at least three of the questions in the survey, compared with just 31 percent of non-tea party GOP voters.

The Pew Research Center poll was conducted Jan. 4-8 among 1,507 adults and 1,165 registered voters. Among the total sample and registered voters, the margin of error is plus or minus 3.5 percentage points.

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/politics/*http%3A//us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/external/politico_rss/rss_politico_mostpop/http___www_politico_com_news_stories0112_71402_html/44166807/SIG=11mj8ks4r/*http%3A//www.politico.com/news/stories/0112/71402.html

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Falabella Insurance Pet: Differences, 2 | Ads of the World?

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Source: http://adsoftheworld.com/media/print/falabella_insurance_pet_differences_2

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Merkel, Sarkozy to seek growth, jobs for euro zone

The German and French leaders meet on Monday to discuss ways to boost growth in euro zone states struggling to overcome the sovereign debt crisis and rising unemployment, and finalise a deal to increase fiscal coordination within the currency union.

They may also discuss a financial transaction tax, the "Tobin tax," being promoted by France but resisted by Britain unless adopted on a global scale, which could split the European Union at a summit at the end of the month.

Chancellor Angela Merkel and President Nicolas Sarkozy, aiming to align the two powerhouse partners that have driven European integration, will also focus on how to boost employment in the current era of austerity.

While Germany's labour market is thriving, employment is a pressing issue for Sarkozy, who faces an election in less than four months and is trailing in polls while French jobless claims are at their highest level in 12 years.

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He may also try to accelerate plans for a tax on financial transactions, which he has set out as a priority ahead of the election, and which on Friday he vowed to implement in France even if EU partners like Germany are not on board.

Paris and Berlin want a "Tobin tax" to be applied across the EU, but Britain is resisting, fearing it will damage London, a global financial centre and mainstay of the British economy where much of the tax would be raised.

On Sunday, British Prime Minister David Cameron said he would veto a European-wide financial transaction tax unless it was imposed globally, deepening the confrontation over the matter with both France and Germany.

German officials expect the EU summit to show satisfying results on stronger budgetary rules they have urged for countries using the euro.

The updated version of the EU's 'fiscal compact', which gives Brussels the right to take states to court if they violate the stricter rules, is nearing approval, relieving pressure on Merkel to take new initiatives at the summit.

"Reaching a functional agreement already by the next (EU) meeting on Thursday is not out of the question," Elmar Brok, a German member of the European parliament, told Reuters.

Hanging over the meeting will be Europe's sovereign debt crisis, and questions over what can be done in the near term to relieve pressure on states like Spain and Italy, which are due to pay back a mountain of maturing debt this year.

Both states face crucial bond auctions this week that will test investors' willingness to fund countries at a time when low growth, weak public finances and the threat of ratings downgrades risk driving borrowing costs to unsustainable levels.

Until now Germany has favoured a crisis-fighting proposal to boost funding for the International Monetary Fund so that it could open larger credit lines to troubled euro zone states if needed, in exchange for strict adjustments.

Italy, which requested IMF monitoring in November to calm market concerns over its reform measures, would prefer to avoid reliance on such a plan; its former economy minister has called IMF aid "the most serious risk for Italy."

Concern over Italy may have led the French and German leaders to strengthen ties with Prime Minister Mario Monti. He met Sarkozy in Paris last week, and will visit Merkel for talks on Wednesday.

The three meet again in Italy on January 20, before a January 23 EU finance ministers meeting and the January 30 EU summit.

(Writing by Brian Rohan; Editing by Tim Pearce)

Source: http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/278453/20120108/merkel-sarkozy-to-seek-growth-jobs-for-euro-zone.htm

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News: Chinese New Year Transforms Las Vegas

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Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/breakingtravelnews/~3/zKGS_NkGyYw/chinese-new-year-transforms-las-vegas

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Hawking too ill to make 70th birthday celebration (AP)

CAMBRIDGE, England ? Renowned physicist Stephen Hawking was too ill to attend a conference in honor of his 70th birthday Sunday, but in a recorded message played to attendees he repeated his call for humans to colonize other worlds.

University of Cambridge Vice Chancellor Leszek Borysiewicz told the conference that Hawking, who is almost completely paralyzed because of Lou Gehrig's disease, had only recently been discharged from the hospital for an unspecified ailment.

"Unfortunately his recovery has not been fast enough for him to be able to be here," Borysiewicz said.

In his recorded speech, Hawking pleaded for interplanetary travel, arguing that humans faced a grim future unless they spread out from their terrestrial home. "I don't think we will survive another thousand years without escaping beyond our fragile planet," he said.

Hawking's speech ? delivered in his distinctive, robotic monotone ? charmed the audience of scientists, students and journalists gathered at Cambridge's Lady Mitchell Hall.

Colleagues including Nobel Prize winner Saul Perlmutter and renowned astronomer Martin Rees hailed Hawking as one of the most important physicists since Albert Einstein.

Borysiewicz said Hawking had "transformed our understanding of space and time, black holes, and the origins of the universe," adding that he hoped that the scientist was watching the proceedings online.

"If you're listening Stephen, happy birthday from all of us here today," Borysiewicz said to a round of applause.

A black hole expert, Hawking is one of the leading lights in theoretical astrophysics. His achievements are all the more remarkable because of his Lou Gehrig's disease, an incurable degenerative disorder with which he was diagnosed as a 21-year-old. Most people die within a few years of the diagnosis, but Hawking has defied the odds and spent half a century carrying out pioneering research.

He owes much of his fame to his best-selling series of works popularizing the latest developments in theoretical astrophysics. "A Brief History of Time," published in 1988, has alone has sold millions of copies. A host of other books, including "A Briefer History of Time," have followed.

Nevertheless the condition ? known as motor neurone disease in the U.K ? has made life difficult. Since catching pneumonia in 1985, he has needed around-the-clock care.

Hawking relies on a computerized wheelchair to move around and a voice synthesizer to speak. His fragile health has forced him to cancel appearances in the past.

Borysiewicz didn't say when Hawking was hospitalized or specify the nature of his condition, but he did say that Hawking would be well enough to meet some of the attendees over the next week.

Despite his absence Sunday, Hawking's celebrity status was evident at Lady Mitchell Hall, where hundreds crowded into the auditorium to hear prominent researchers outline the latest developments in cosmology.

Outside the venue, three teenagers ? self-described "groupies" ? waited in hope of catching a glimpse of the eminent scientist.

Eighteen-year-old engineering student Marianna Sykopetritou said that seeing Hawking would be "a once-in-a-lifetime" experience. She said that the event had a page-and-a-half-long waiting list.

In his recorded message, Hawking said explaining the universe to the wider public was a duty, and that the issue had far more than just theoretical interest.

"If you understand how the universe operates," he said, "you control it in a way."

___

Online:

http://www.ctc.cam.ac.uk/hawking70/

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/celebrity/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20120108/ap_en_ce/eu_britain_stephen_hawking_s_birthday

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